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Evolution, Composition and Regulation of Supernumerary B Chromosomes
Supernumerary B chromosomes (Bs) are dispensable genetic elements found in thousands of species of plants and animals, and some fungi. Since their discovery more than a century ago, they have been a source of puzzlement, as they only occur in some members of a population and are absent from others. When they do occur, they are often harmful, and in the absence of “selfishness”, based on mechanisms of mitotic and meiotic drive, there appears to be no obvious reason for their existence. Cytogeneticists have long wrestled with questions about the biological existence of these enigmatic elements, including their lack of any adaptive properties, apparent absence of functional genes, their origin, sequence organization, and co-evolution as nuclear parasites. Emerging new technologies are now enabling researchers to step up a gear, to look enthusiastically beyond the previous limits of the horizon, and to uncover the secrets of these “silent” chromosomes. This book provides a comprehensive guide to theoretical advancements in the field of B chromosome research in both animal and plant systems.
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Abnormal Chromosomes : The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics
Explore the past, present, and future of cancer cytogeneticsIn Abnormal Chromosomes: The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics, globally renowned researchers Drs.Sverre Heim and Felix Mitelman deliver a state-of-the-art review of how cancer cytogenetic analyses have contributed to an improved understanding of tumorigenesis as well as to the diagnosis and treatment of cancer patients.The book also discusses how cytogenetics – the study of chromosomes - meets, interacts with, and cross-fertilizes other investigative technologies, including molecular somatic cell genetics. The book provides an impetus to think more deeply about the role chromosomes, and their abnormalities, play in health and disease, especially in neoplastic disorders.From which origins did cytogenetics develop? How did the finding of acquired chromosomal abnormalities in cells of leukemias and solid tumors influence our understanding of cancer as a biological process?How was information of this nature put to good use in the clinical management of cancer patients?Abnormal Chromosomes: The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics offers readers: A thorough introduction to ancient theories of disease, the advent of cellular pathology, and how a scientific interest in chromosomes developedComprehensive exploration of the conceptual importance of Theodor Boveri and his somatic mutation theory of cancerA detailed chronological resume of cancer cytogenetic discoveries during the 20th centuryIn-depth discussions of the role of chromosome abnormalities, oncogenes, and tumor suppressor genes in leukemias, lymphomas, and solid tumors, together with a survey of what chromosome analyses have revealed about the clonal evolution of neoplastic cell populationsA discussion of the importance of pathogenetic classifications of neoplastic diseases, the role chromosome abnormalities play in this context, and which technological breakthroughs can be expected in chromosome-oriented cancer research Abnormal Chromosomes: The Past, Present, and Future of Cancer Cytogenetics was written for everyone with a scientific or clinical interest in cancer, especially how acquired chromosome abnormalities lead to neoplastic transformation.The book teaches how cytogenetic analyses contribute to a better understanding of tumorigenesis, but also how the finding of specific chromosome aberrations can be crucial for the diagnosis, prognosis, and management of cancer patients.
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The Talent Management of Indie Authorship : From American Independent Cinema and Short Films to Pay-Tv and Streaming
This book explores the role that talent intermediaries, including talent agents, talent managers and producers, play in packaging, marketing and selling screen media products, services and brands by constructing and positioning their clients and collaborators as indie-auteurs.Exploring several case-studies across a range of screen media during an era of media convergence, including American indie cinema, high-end television, music video, advertising and branded content, the book explores the strategies that talent intermediaries adopt and the industrial, cultural and social connotations and hierarchies that indie-auteurism as a promotional discourse and tool carries and reinforces.As a result, the book stakes out new ground that complicates popular ideas of indie-auteurs as highly autonomous and innovative filmmakers by exploring how this authorial discourse migrates between media and is constructed and reconfigured in relation to changing industrial and cultural contexts.
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Are a chromatid chromosome and two chromatid chromosomes homologous chromosomes or a set of chromosomes?
A chromatid chromosome and two chromatid chromosomes are not homologous chromosomes, but rather a set of chromosomes. Homologous chromosomes are pairs of chromosomes that contain the same genes in the same order, one from each parent. In contrast, chromatid chromosomes are duplicated copies of a single chromosome that are joined together at the centromere. Two chromatid chromosomes refer to a duplicated chromosome in preparation for cell division.
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Are chromosomes unreliable?
Chromosomes are not inherently unreliable, as they are the structures that carry our genetic information and play a crucial role in cell division and inheritance. However, errors can occur during the process of chromosome replication and segregation, leading to genetic mutations and disorders. Additionally, environmental factors and lifestyle choices can also impact the stability and integrity of chromosomes. Overall, while chromosomes are essential for the functioning of our cells and the inheritance of genetic traits, they are not immune to errors and can be influenced by various factors.
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What is the difference between single chromosomes and double chromosomes?
Single chromosomes refer to a single strand of DNA that contains genetic information. In contrast, double chromosomes refer to a pair of identical chromosomes, one from each parent, that are joined together at the centromere. Single chromosomes are found in haploid cells, such as gametes, while double chromosomes are found in diploid cells, such as somatic cells. Double chromosomes allow for genetic diversity and the exchange of genetic material through processes such as meiosis and fertilization.
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What is the difference between chromosomes, chromatids, and double chromosomes?
Chromosomes are the structures within cells that contain genetic information. They are made up of DNA and proteins. Chromatids are the two identical copies of a chromosome that are formed during the process of DNA replication. Double chromosomes, on the other hand, refer to the paired chromosomes that are formed during cell division, with each chromosome consisting of two sister chromatids. In summary, chromosomes are the overall structures containing genetic material, chromatids are the individual copies of a chromosome, and double chromosomes are the paired chromosomes formed during cell division.
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FilmQuake : The Most Disruptive Films in Cinema
Discover films that dared to be different, risked reputations and put careers in jeopardy.This is what happens when filmmakers take tradition and rip it up. FilmQuake introduces 50 movies that shook the cinematic world, telling the fascinating stories behind their creation, reception and legacy. From unbelievable developments in technology (Citizen Kane, 1941) to feminist triumphs (Wanda, 1970); films that kickstarted New Queer Cinema (Paris is Burning, 1990) to others that challenged lawmakers (A Short Film About Killing, 1988) – FilmQuake presents the movies that questioned boundaries, challenged the status quo and made shockwaves we are still feeling today. From film's first innovators, people like the Lumière brothers, whose short film of a train arriving was reported to have terrified audiences in 19th century Paris, through iconoclasts like Sergei Eisenstein and Luis Buñuel, to titans of 20th century cinema like Alfred Hitchcock and Jean-Luc Godard, discover the stories behind the films which incontrovertably changed the course of cinema forever. Into the modern day, this book examines how filmmakers have addressed themes of prejudice and inequality, from the Black Lives Matter movement and Jordan Peele's unmissable Get Out to Bong Joon-ho's cutting study of the lives of the wealthy in Parasite, as well as innovative new cinematic techniques emerging in films like 28 Days Later and Blair Witch Project. In telling the history of cinema through the works that were truly disruptive, and explaining the context in which each was created, FilmQuake demonstrates the heart of modern film, which is to constantly question boundaries and challenge expectation. This book is from the Culture Quake series, which looks into iconic moments of culture which truly created paradigm shifts in their respective fields. Also available is ArtQuake, which tells the stories of 50 pivotal works that challenged consensus and broke daring new ground in the world of art, inspiring shock and scandal as they did so, but ultimately cementing themselves as truly great works of modern art.
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Genetics 101 : From Chromosomes and the Double Helix to Cloning and DNA Tests, Everything You Need to Know about Genes
A clear and straightforward explanation of genetics in this new edition of the popular 101 series.Our genetic makeup determines so much about who we are, and what we pass on to our children—from eye color, to height, to health, and even our longevity.Genetics 101 breaks down the science of how genes are inherited and passed from parents to offspring, what DNA is and how it works, how your DNA affects your health, and how you can use your personal genomics to find out more about who you are and where you come from. Whether you’re looking for a better scientific understanding of genetics, or looking into your own DNA, Genetics 101 is your go-to source to discover more about both yourself and your ancestry.
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The Mysteries of Cinema : Movies and Imagination
People who saw the first moving pictures at the end of the nineteenth century were delighted by a new art that communicated without words – yet they were also alarmed to be witnessing events in a strange, mute, spectral realm, where the laws of time and space were suspended and magical transformations could occur.Some early commentators hailed cinema as a blessing and praised it for resurrecting the dead; others likened it to a hypnotic trance or a hallucinogenic drug.The medium has always been excited by speed, and it enjoys sending the body on furious kinetic chases; at the same time, it stealthily probes our minds, invading our dreams and titillating our desires.Although this is an art kindled by light and inflamed by colour, it is nurtured by darkness and can reduce life to an insubstantial shadow play.Either way, as Peter Conrad argues in this brilliant book, the movie camera has given us new eyes and changed forever our view of reality. The Mysteries of Cinema sets out to map this ambiguous territory by taking readers on a thematic roller-coaster ride through movie history.Directors and critics speculate about the nature of cinematic vision, and there are contributions to the debate from writers like Kafka, Virginia Woolf and Joan Didion, artists including Salvador Dalí, George Grosz and Fernand Léger, and the composers Arnold Schoenberg and Dmitri Shostakovich.The book begins from the audacious innovations of silent film, and examines the influence of French surrealism and German expressionism; it accounts for the appeal of Hollywood genres like the Western, the horror film and the musical, and ends by considering the fate of the moving image in our visually glutted society. Combining contagious enthusiasm with an eye for the subjective quirks of filmmakers and the allure of favourite performers, Conrad delivers an astonishing addition to the literature on the seventh art. With 61 illustrations
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Cinema of the 70s : 101 Iconic Movies
Today, over half a century later, great films are measured by those of the 70s.Has there been a more impactful 10-year period? For the first time, cinema reflected life and society, presenting both on the big screen with a compelling and penetrating truth.Directors became household names, often overnight, and films routinely broke box office records. With censorship relaxed, the subject matter could include alienation, descents into madness, drug addiction, dysfunctional relationships, promiscuity, alcoholism, PTSD, and any big news story of the day.Audiences gladly absorbed this new, shocking reality; in fact, they avoided films that candy-coated the truth. Musicals evolved, westerns all but died for several years, science fiction and fantasy made an incredible resurgence, and horror dominated the box office along with disaster films.But by and large, films about social issues were the best draw.This book celebrates the cinema of the 70s. What a decade!
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Does a homologous pair of chromosomes consist of two single-chromatid chromosomes or two double-chromatid chromosomes?
A homologous pair of chromosomes consists of two single-chromatid chromosomes. Each chromosome in the pair comes from one parent, and they carry the same genes in the same order, but may have different versions of those genes. During the S phase of the cell cycle, each single-chromatid chromosome replicates to form a double-chromatid chromosome, but these double-chromatid chromosomes do not pair up with each other during normal cell division.
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What is the difference between chromatids, chromosomes, and pairs of chromosomes?
Chromatids are two identical copies of a chromosome that are joined together at the centromere. Chromosomes are thread-like structures made of DNA and proteins that contain genetic information. Pairs of chromosomes refer to two homologous chromosomes, one inherited from each parent, that carry similar genes but may have different variations. In summary, chromatids are the duplicated copies of a single chromosome, chromosomes are the structures that contain genetic material, and pairs of chromosomes are homologous chromosomes inherited from each parent.
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What is the difference between double chromosomes and homologous double chromosomes?
Double chromosomes refer to a pair of identical chromosomes that are present in a diploid organism, one inherited from each parent. On the other hand, homologous double chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that are similar in size, shape, and genetic content, but not identical. Homologous chromosomes carry the same genes in the same order, but may have different versions of those genes (alleles) due to genetic variation.
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How do chromosomes spiralize?
Chromosomes spiralize through a process called supercoiling. This occurs when the DNA double helix is twisted around itself, creating a more compact structure. Enzymes called topoisomerases are responsible for this process, helping to regulate the level of supercoiling in the chromosome. Supercoiling allows the long DNA molecule to be packaged into the small space of the cell nucleus, and also plays a role in regulating gene expression and DNA replication.
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